Data from: Contrasting patterns of gene flow for Amazonian snakes that actively forage and those that wait in ambush

Knowledge of genetic structure, geographic distance and environmental heterogeneity can be used to identify environmental features and natural history traits that influence dispersal and gene flow. Foraging mode is a trait that might predict dispersal capacity in snakes, because actively foragers typically have greater movement rates than ambush predators. Here we test the hypothesis that two actively foraging snakes have higher levels of gene flow than two ambush predators. We evaluated these four co-distributed species of snakes in the Brazilian Amazon. Snakes were sampled along an 880km transect from the central to the southwest of the Amazon basin, which covered a mosaic of vegetation types and seasonal differences in climate. We analyzed thousands of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) to compare patterns of neutral gene flow based on isolation by geographic distance (IBD) and environmental resistance (IBR). We show that IBD and IBR were only evident in ambush predators, implying lower levels of dispersal than the active foragers. Therefore, gene flow was high enough in the active foragers analyzed here to prevent any build-up of spatial genotypic structure with respect to geographic distance and environmental heterogeneity.

Usage Notes

Geographic coordinates of Bothrops atrox sampled in the Amazon rainforestsGeographic coordinates were obtained by field work, in sampling sites distributed along the Brazilian Amazon rainforests, from Manaus (central Amazon basin) to Porto Velho (southwestern Amazon basin).lancehead_coordinates.txtGeographic coordinates of Corallus hortulanus sampled in the Amazon rainforestsGeographic coordinates were obtained by field work, in sampling sites distributed along the Brazilian Amazon rainforests, from Manaus (central Amazon basin) to Porto Velho (southwestern Amazon basin).treeboa_coordinates.txtGeographic coordinates of Leptodeira annulata annulata sampled in the Amazon rainforestsGeographic coordinates were obtained by field work, in sampling sites distributed along the Brazilian Amazon rainforests, from Manaus (central Amazon basin) to Porto Velho (southwestern Amazon basin).cateyed_coordinates.txtGeographic coordinates of Philodryas georgeboulengeri sampled in the Amazon rainforestsGeographic coordinates were obtained by field work, in sampling sites distributed along the Brazilian Amazon rainforests, from Manaus (central Amazon basin) to Porto Velho (southwestern Amazon basin).sharpnose_coordinates.txtPairwise genetic distance matrix of Bothrops atroxGenetic distance was estimated among individuals, based on the Ritland relatedness index.lancehead_genetic_distance.txtPairwise genetic distance matrix of Corallus hortulanusGenetic distance was estimated among individuals, based on the Ritland relatedness index.treeboa_genetic_distance.txtPairwise genetic distance matrix of Leptodeira annulata annulataGenetic distance was estimated among individuals, based on the Ritland relatedness index.cateyed_genetic_distance.txtPairwise genetic distance matrix of Philodryas georgeboulengeriGenetic distance was estimated among individuals, based on the Ritland relatedness index.sharpnose_genetic_distance.txtGeographic distance among samples of Bothrops atroxLog-geographic distance was calculated using Euclidean distances based on geographic coordinates.lancehead_log_geographic_distance.txtGeographic distance among samples of Corallus hortulanusLog-geographic distance was calculated using Euclidean distances based on geographic coordinates.treeboa_log_geographic_distance.txtGeographic distance among samples of Leptodeira annulata annulataLog-geographic distance was calculated using Euclidean distances based on geographic coordinates.cateyed_log_geographic_distance.txtGeographic distance among samples of Philodryas georgeboulengeriLog-geographic distance was calculated using Euclidean distances based on geographic coordinates.sharpnose_log_geographic_distance.txtR script for testing snakes gene flow based on IBD and IBRR script to test for the effects of isolation-by-distance and isolation-by-resistance on gene flow of snakes from the Amazon rainforests.Script_Fraga et al.docRaster surface - rainfall seasonality in the AmazonRaster surface used to optimize resistance surfaces in order to test for the effects of isolation-by-resistance on gene flow of snakes from the Amazon rainforests.rain.ascRaster surface - temperature seasonality in the AmazonRaster surface used to optimize resistance surfaces in order to test for the effects of isolation-by-resistance on gene flow of snakes from the Amazon rainforests.temperature.ascRaster surface - vegetation cover type in the AmazonRaster surface used to optimize resistance surfaces in order to test for the effects of isolation-by-resistance on gene flow of snakes from the Amazon rainforests.vegetation.asc